Free bulk conversion of PDF documents to plain text files, which can be opened by any text editor. Free and easy to use online PDF to text converter to extract text data from PDF files without having to install any software. Click the UPLOAD FILES button and select up to 20 PDF files you wish to convert. Wait for the conversion process to finish. Convert your TXT files to PDF ebook. TXT (Plain Text) is a sequence of lines of electronic text, contains only ASCII or Unicode text, the most common character encodings available for Unicode is UTF-8, each line of text separated by a two-character combination: CR and LF, which have ASCII codes 13 and 10. Step-by-Step Guide to Transform PDF to Text Step 1: Open PDF with PDFelement Download and install PDFelement on your computer to convert PDF to plain text. After installation, launch the program and click on 'Open File' to select the PDF files that you want to turn into text. .nfo (also written.NFO or NFO, a contraction of 'info', or 'information') is a commonly used three-letter filename extension for text files that accompany various digital scene releases with information about them. PDF Plain Text Extractor (P2T) is a handy tool for converting PDF files to text files. It supports English, some European languages, simple and traditional Chinese, Korean, and Japanese.
Editors like Leafpad, shown here, are often included with operating systems as a default helper application for opening text files.
A text editor is a type of computer program that edits plain text. Such programs are sometimes known as 'notepad' software, following the naming of Microsoft Notepad.[1][2][3] Text editors are provided with operating systems and software development packages, and can be used to change files such as configuration files, documentation files and programming languagesource code.[4]
Plain text vs. rich text[edit]
There are important differences between plain text (created and edited by text editors) and rich text (such as that created by word processors or desktop publishing software).
Plain text exclusively consists of character representation. Each character is represented by a fixed-length sequence of one, two, or four bytes, or as a variable-length sequence of one to four bytes, in accordance to specific character encoding conventions, such as ASCII, ISO/IEC 2022, UTF-8, or Unicode. These conventions define many printable characters, but also non-printing characters that control the flow of the text, such space, line break, and page break. Plain text contains no other information about the text itself, not even the character encoding convention employed. Plain text is stored in text files, although text files do not exclusively store plain text. In the early days of computers, plain text was displayed using a monospace font, such that horizontal alignment and columnar formatting were sometimes done using whitespace characters. For compatibility reasons, this tradition has not changed.
Rich text, on the other hand, may contain metadata, character formatting data (e.g. typeface, size, weight and style), paragraph formatting data (e.g. indentation, alignment, letter and word distribution, and space between lines or other paragraphs), and page specification data (e.g. size, margin and reading direction). Rich text can be very complex. Rich text can be saved in binary format (e.g. DOC), text files adhering to a markup language (e.g. RTF or HTML), or in a hybrid form of both (e.g. Office Open XML).
Text editors are intended to open and save text files containing either plain text or anything that can be interpreted as plain text, including the markup for rich text or the markup for something else (e.g. SVG).
History[edit]
A box of punched cards with several program decks.
Before text editors existed, computer text was punched into cards with keypunch machines. Physical boxes of these thin cardboard cards were then inserted into a card-reader. Magnetic tape and disk 'card-image' files created from such card decks often had no line-separation characters at all, and assumed fixed-length 80-character records. An alternative to cards was punched paper tape. It could be created by some teleprinters (such as the Teletype), which used special characters to indicate ends of records.
The first text editors were 'line editors' oriented to teleprinter- or typewriter-style terminals without displays. Commands (often a single keystroke) effected edits to a file at an imaginary insertion point called the 'cursor'. Edits were verified by typing a command to print a small section of the file, and periodically by printing the entire file. In some line editors, the cursor could be moved by commands that specified the line number in the file, text strings (context) for which to search, and eventually regular expressions. Line editors were major improvements over keypunching. Some line editors could be used by keypunch; editing commands could be taken from a deck of cards and applied to a specified file. Some common line editors supported a 'verify' mode in which change commands displayed the altered lines.
When computer terminals with video screens became available, screen-based text editors (sometimes called just 'screen editors') became common. One of the earliest full-screen editors was O26, which was written for the operator console of the CDC 6000 series computers in 1967. Another early full-screen editor was vi. Written in the 1970s, it is still a standard editor[5] on Unix and Linux operating systems. Also written in the 1970s was the UCSD Pascal Screen Oriented Editor, which was optimized both for indented source code as well as general text.[6]Emacs, one of the first free and open source software projects, is another early full-screen or real-time editor, one that was ported to many systems.[7] A full-screen editor's ease-of-use and speed (compared to the line-based editors) motivated many early purchases of video terminals.[8]
The core data structure in a text editor is the one that manages the string (sequence of characters) or list of records that represents the current state of the file being edited.While the former could be stored in a single long consecutive array of characters,the desire for text editors that could more quickly insert text, delete text, and undo/redo previous edits led to the development of more complicated sequence data structures.[9]A typical text editor uses a gap buffer, a linked list of lines (as in PaperClip), a piece table, or a rope, as its sequence data structure.
Types of text editors[edit]
Emacs, a text editor popular among programmers, running on Microsoft Windows
gedit is a text editor shipped with GNOME
Some text editors are small and simple, while others offer broad and complex functions. For example, Unix and Unix-like operating systems have the pico editor (or a variant), but many also include the vi and Emacs editors. Microsoft Windows systems come with the simple Notepad, though many people—especially programmers—prefer other editors with more features. Under Apple Macintosh's classic Mac OS there was the native SimpleText, which was replaced in Mac OS X by TextEdit, which combines features of a text editor with those typical of a word processor such as rulers, margins and multiple font selection. These features are not available simultaneously, but must be switched by user command, or through the program automatically determining the file type.
Most word processors can read and write files in plain text format, allowing them to open files saved from text editors. Saving these files from a word processor, however, requires ensuring the file is written in plain text format, and that any text encoding or BOM settings won't obscure the file for its intended use. Non-WYSIWYG word processors, such as WordStar, are more easily pressed into service as text editors, and in fact were commonly used as such during the 1980s. The default file format of these word processors often resembles a markup language, with the basic format being plain text and visual formatting achieved using non-printing control characters or escape sequences. Later word processors like Microsoft Word store their files in a binary format and are almost never used to edit plain text files.[10]
Some text editors can edit unusually large files such as log files or an entire database placed in a single file. Simpler text editors may just read files into the computer's main memory. With larger files, this may be a slow process, and the entire file may not fit. Some text editors do not let the user start editing until this read-in is complete. Editing performance also often suffers in nonspecialized editors, with the editor taking seconds or even minutes to respond to keystrokes or navigation commands. Specialized editors have optimizations such as only storing the visible portion of large files in memory, improving editing performance.
Some editors are programmable, meaning, e.g., they can be customized for specific uses. With a programmable editor it is easy to automate repetitive tasks or, add new functionality or even implement a new application within the framework of the editor. One common motive for customizing is to make a text editor use the commands of another text editor with which the user is more familiar, or to duplicate missing functionality the user has come to depend on. Software developers often use editor customizations tailored to the programming language or development environment they are working in. The programmability of some text editors is limited to enhancing the core editing functionality of the program, but Emacs can be extended far beyond editing text files—for web browsing, reading email, online chat, managing files or playing games. Emacs can even emulate Vi, its rival in the traditional editor wars of Unix culture.[11][12]
An important group of programmable editors uses REXX[a] as a scripting language. These 'orthodox editors' contain a 'command line' into which commands and macros can be typed and text lines into which line commands[b] and macros can be typed. Most such editors are derivatives of ISPF/PDFEDIT or of XEDIT, IBM's flagship editor for VM/SP through z/VM. Among them are THE, KEDIT, X2, Uni-edit, and SEDIT.
A text editor written or customized for a specific use can determine what the user is editing and assist the user, often by completing programming terms and showing tooltips with relevant documentation. Many text editors for software developers include source code syntax highlighting and automatic indentation to make programs easier to read and write. Programming editors often let the user select the name of an include file, function or variable, then jump to its definition. Some also allow for easy navigation back to the original section of code by storing the initial cursor location or by displaying the requested definition in a popup window or temporary buffer. Some editors implement this ability themselves, but often an auxiliary utility like ctags is used to locate the definitions.
Typical features[edit]
- Find and replace – Text editors provide extensive facilities for searching and replacing text, either on groups of files or interactively. Advanced editors can use regular expressions to search and edit text or code.
- Cut, copy, and paste – most text editors provide methods to duplicate and move text within the file, or between files.
- Ability to handle UTF-8 encoded text.
- Text formatting – Text editors often provide basic visual formatting features like line wrap, auto-indentation, bullet list formatting using ASCII characters, comment formatting, syntax highlighting and so on. These are typically only for display and do not insert formatting codes into the file itself.
- Undo and redo – As with word processors, text editors provide a way to undo and redo the last edit, or more. Often—especially with older text editors—there is only one level of edit history remembered and successively issuing the undo command will only 'toggle' the last change. Modern or more complex editors usually provide a multiple-level history such that issuing the undo command repeatedly will revert the document to successively older edits. A separate redo command will cycle the edits 'forward' toward the most recent changes. The number of changes remembered depends upon the editor and is often configurable by the user.
Advanced features[edit]
- Macro or procedure definition: to define new commands or features as combinations of prior commands or other macros, perhaps with passed parameters, or with nesting of macros.
- Multi-file editing: the ability to edit multiple files during an edit-session, perhaps remembering the current-line cursor of each file, to insert repeated text into each file, move text among files, etc.
- Data transformation – Reading or merging the contents of another text file into the file currently being edited. Some text editors provide a way to insert the output of a command issued to the operating system's shell. Also, a case-shifting feature could translate to lowercase or uppercase.
- Filtering – Some advanced text editors allow the editor to send all or sections of the file being edited to another utility and read the result back into the file in place of the lines being 'filtered'. This, for example, is useful for sorting a series of lines alphabetically or numerically, doing mathematical computations, indenting source code, and so on.
- Syntax highlighting – contextually highlights source code, markup languages, config files and other text that appears in an organized or predictable format. Editors generally allow users to customize the colors or styles used for each language element. Some text editors also allow users to install and use themes to change the look and feel of the editor's entire user interface.
- Extensibility - a text editor intended for use by programmers must provide some plugin mechanism, or be scriptable, so a programmer can customize the editor with features needed to manage individual software projects, customize functionality or key bindings for specific programming languages or version control systems, or conform to specific coding styles.
Specialised editors[edit]
Some editors include special features and extra functions, for instance,
- Source code editors are text editors with additional functionality to facilitate the production of source code. These often feature user-programmable syntax highlighting and code navigation functions as well as coding tools or keyboard macros similar to an HTML editor (see below).
- Folding editors. This subclass includes so-called 'orthodox editors' that are derivatives of Xedit. Editors that implement folding without programing-specific features are usually called outliners (see below).
- IDEs (integrated development environments) are designed to manage and streamline large programming projects. They are usually only used for programming as they contain many features unnecessary for simple text editing.
- World Wide Web authors are offered a variety of HTML editors dedicated to the task of creating web pages. These include: Dreamweaver, KompoZer and E Text Editor. Many offer the option of viewing a work in progress on a built-in HTML rendering engine or standard web browser. Most web development is done in a dynamic programming language such as Ruby or PHP using a source code editor or IDE. The HTML delivered by all but the simplest static web sites is stored as individual template files that are assembled by the software controlling the site and do not compose a complete HTML document.
- Mathematicians, physicists, and computer scientists often produce articles and books using TeX or LaTeX in plain text files. Such documents are often produced by a standard text editor, but some people use specialized TeX editors.
- Outliners. Also called tree-based editors, because they combine a hierarchical outline tree with a text editor. Folding (see above) can be considered a specialized form of outlining.
- Collaborative editors allow multiple users to work on the same document simultaneously from remote locations over a network. The changes made by individual users are tracked and merged into the document automatically to eliminate the possibility of conflicting edits. These editors also typically include an online chat component for discussion among editors.
- Distraction-free editors provide a minimalistic interface with the purpose of isolating the writer from the rest of the applications and operating system, thus being able to focus on the writing without distractions from interface elements like a toolbar or notification area.
Programmable editors can usually be enhanced to perform any or all of these functions, but simpler editors focus on just one, or, like gPHPedit, are targeted at a single programming language.
See also[edit]
- File viewer – does not change file, faster for very large files and can be more secure
- Hex editor – used for editing binary files
- Stream editor – used for non-interactive editing
Notes[edit]
- ^Originally macros were written in assembler, CLIST (TSO), CMS EXEC (VM), EXEC2 (VM/SE) or PL/I, but most users dropped CLIST, EXEC and EXEC2 once REXX was available.
- ^A line command is a command typed into the sequence number entry area associated with a specific line of text and whose scope is limited to that line, or, in the case of a block command, associated with the block of lines between the beginning and ending line commands. An example of the latter would be typing the command ucc (block upper case) into the entry areas of two lines; this has the same effect as typing uc (upper case) into the entry area of each line in the range.
References[edit]
- ^H. Albert Napier; Ollie N. Rivers; Stuart Wagner (2005). Creating a Winning E-Business. Cengage Learning. p. 330. ISBN1111796092.
- ^Peter Norton; Scott H. Clark (2002). Peter Norton's New Inside the PC. Sams Publishing. p. 54. ISBN0672322897.
- ^L. Gopalakrishnan; G. Padmanabhan; Sudhat Shukla (2003). Your Home PC: Making the Most of Your Personal Computer. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 190. ISBN0070473544.
- ^'The Best Free Text Editors for Windows, Linux, and Mac'.
Every operating system comes with a default, basic text editor, but most of us install our own enhanced text editors to get more features.
- ^'The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition'. The IEEE and The Open Group. 2004. Retrieved January 18, 2010.
- ^L. Bowles, Kenneth; Hollan, James (1978-07-01). 'An introduction to the UCSD PASCAL system'. Behavior Research Methods. 10: 531–534. doi:10.3758/BF03205341.
- ^'Introducing the Emacs editing environment'.
- ^'Multics Emacs: The History, Design and Implementation'.
Some Multics users purchased these terminals .., using them either as 'glass teletypes' or via 'local editing.'
- ^Charles Crowley.'Data Structures for Text Sequences'.Section'Introduction'.
- ^'Text Editors for Programmeres - Programming Tools'.
If you open a .doc file in a text editor, you will notice that most of the file is formatting codes. Text editors, however, do not add formatting codes, which makes it easier to compile your code.
- ^'From Vim to Emacs+Evil chaotic migration guide'.
- ^'Gitorious'. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
External links[edit]
- Orthodox Editors as a Special Class of Advanced Editors, discusses Xedit and its clones with an emphasis of folding capabilities and programmability
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Text_editor&oldid=919901970'
Filename extension | .nfo |
---|---|
Internet media type | text/x-nfo [1] |
Initial release | February 6, 1990; 29 years ago |
Type of format | Plain text |
.nfo (also written .NFO or NFO, a contraction of 'info', or 'information') is a commonly used three-letter filename extension for text files that accompany various digital scene releases with information about them.
NFO files are used to deliver release information about the media, such as the digital media title, authorship, year, or license information. This information is delivered for publishing through digital media to make it searchable on the web as well as within local catalogues and libraries.
- 2History
Content[edit]
NFO files usually contain release information about the media. The information may include authorship and license information. If the NFO file is for software, product installation notes can also be found.[2] NFO files are also often found in demoscene productions, where the respective groups include them for credits, contact details, and the software requirements.[3]
Unlike README files, NFO files often contain elaborate ASCII art.[3]
Publisher's Description. From Microsoft: Easy Camera Calibration can be used to determine a camera's internal parameters (focal length, aspect ratio, radial distortion). The technique only requires the camera to observe a planar pattern shown at a few (at least two) different orientations. Either the camera or the planar pattern can be freely moved. Download: PC Version Mac Version. Notes: ColorChecker Camera Calibration software is fully compatible with the industry standard ColorChecker 24 patch classic target from X-Rite. You can use this software with ColorChecker Passport and ColorChecker Classic (standard and mini sizes) products. Camera calibration software. Camera Calibration Software: Cameras are used for a wide variety of purposes and sometimes it is of vital importance to correct for the distortion that every lens will inevitably create. OMC Camera Calibration Software is able to estimate the distortion for your lens using a variety of techniques. Reikan FoCal is a software tool that takes control of your camera, guides you through the setup and fully calibrates your camera autofocus with minimal interaction from you. FoCal Features FoCal runs on Windows or Mac computers and controls your camera to calibrate and analyse. Over recent years, our camera calibration software has been used to successfully calibrate hundreds of lens & camera combinations. Virtually all point-and-shoot, DSLR and medium format cameras are supported, including models from Canon, Nikon & Sony, right through to Hasselblad and Phase One.
History[edit]
NFO files were first introduced by 'Fabulous Furlough' and 'Candyman' of the elite PC warez organization called The Humble Guys, or THG.[4][5] The THG group would first upload their package to their world headquarters, 'The P.I.T.S. BBS', to establish distribution immediately. Such organizations are also known as warez groups or crack groups. The first use came in 1990 on the THG release of the PC game Bubble Bobble.[6] This file was used in lieu of the more common README.TXT or README.1ST file names.[4] The perpetuation of this file extension legacy was carried on by warez groups which followed after THG and is still in use to this day. Hence its strong presence on Usenet newsgroups that carry binaries and on P2P file trading networks.
Convert Pdf To Plain Text Online
The Humble Guys later became a demogroup,[7] thus bringing the .nfo file tradition into the demoscene. More than forty thousand demoscene productions have an NFO file next to the program file.[8]
Before Windows 95 was introduced, NFO files also sometimes used ANSI-escape sequences to generate animated ASCII art (ANSI art). These animations, however, required ANSI.SYS to be loaded by the DOS shell. If the user's computer wasn't already configured to load the ANSI.SYS driver, viewing ANSI art required reconfiguring and rebooting. Because of this, ANSI art was much less common, and getting ANSI art to display correctly on a Windows 95 PC often proved more difficult, leading to a decline of such art in NFO files.
The ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) code page 437 character set was originally designed by IBM for the earliest DOS PCs so many years ago. Therefore, it was not destined to become standardized throughout the non-English world. Recently to aid internationalization, instead of using the old code page 437 extended ASCII characters, modern ASCII art uses the current de facto web standard ISO-8859-1/ISO-8859-15 or UnicodeUTF-8 characters.
Usage of NFO files in publishing of warez[edit]
The files have been explained as essentially being the press releases of the warez scene.[9] They are commonly associated with warez groups who include them to declare credit of said release.[10] NFO files were ubiquitous, and sometimes required, during the era of the BBS. The file was a stamp of authenticity, explicitly explaining what group released the software and described what modifications (or cracks) were applied if any.[11] Once a software was 'packaged' with an NFO and then released, it was then officially owned by that group and no other group could ethically re-release that particular package. A typical warez NFO file was elaborate and highly decorated, and usually included a large ASCII art logo along with software release and extended warez group information. The most important information is which group, which cracker and which member actually tested and packaged. The designers of these NFO files, who worked closely or within the warez groups, frequently incorporated extended ASCII characters from the character set code page 437 in the file.
As of 2019, NFO files can still be found in many ZIP archives. In modern-day warez NFO files, a large ASCII art logo is frequently shown at the top, followed by textual information below.
Software[edit]
Plain Text Yahoo
The home theater software Kodi uses NFO files for its library.[12] Plex Media Server uses NFO files for match movie library. Filebot app fetch artwork and create NFO files for TV shows or movies. NFO files are also used by media managers ViMediaManager, tinyMediaManager, Ember Media Manager, CouchPotato - a usenet and torrents client, MediaElch, TV show organiser Media Companion, digital media library manager Media Center Master. An NFO plug-in is also available for Opus, an open access repositories software.[13]
NFO files are plain text files. The simplest method to view is using a text editor and selecting a monospace font and set 'US Latin' or 'extended ASCII'. On Windows 95 using Microsoft Notepad the Terminal font set to 11pt usually produced a good rendering of ascii art on common CRTs of the time and could be set as the default viewer NFO files. However, web browsers use an incompatible alternative encoding scheme resulting in incorrect rendering of NFO files. Also, many modern text editors often use proportional fonts whereas the ASCII art included in both old and new NFO files is heavily dependent on the file being viewed with a fixed-width font. For this reason dedicated NFO viewers are available which are text editors with appropriate fonts (Terminus[14]) and encoding settings, automatic window size and clickable hyperlinks.[14] Additionally, online NFO viewers are also available to browse public NFO databases.
Microsoft Windows[edit]
On Microsoft Windows, the NFO filename extension is associated with a Microsoft software tool called System Information (msinfo32.exe).[15] System Information provides a general overview of a computer's system specifications as well as detailed information on the system's hardware components and information about the Windows environment. NFO files that are meant for System Information contain all of the information that System Information displays saved in an XML format.
See also[edit]
- .sfv - Simple file verification
Plain Text Editor
References[edit]
- ^'NFO Viewer'. NEWS file.
Remove mimetype installation files and use the new 'text/x-nfo' mimetype added with freedesktop.org's shared-mime-info 0.30
- ^Craig, P.; Honick, R.; Burnett, M. (2005). 'Why Software Is Pirated'. Software Piracy Exposed. p. 239. doi:10.1016/B978-193226698-6/50038-6. ISBN978-1-93-226698-6. 'NFOs are text files that contain descriptions about the media. If the NFO is for software, you will probably find product installation notes such as CDKEYS or serial numbers, in this text file.'
- ^ ab'Defacto2 - Scene Documents, text and NFO files'.
- ^ abGarrett, Ben (2004-04-27). 'Online Software Piracy of the Last Millennium'(pdf). defacto2.net.
- ^'NFO files by THG'. Evidence of the very first NFO files by The Humble Guys.
- ^'Bubble_Bobble-THG'. 1990-02-06.
- ^'Demo's from The Humble Guys'.
- ^Hastik, Canan (2013). Preventing Digital Subcultures from becoming Victims of the Technological Change(PDF). Cork: Collaborative European Research Conference 2012. pp. 167–176. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2013-12-13.
- ^Prince, Brian (2008-11-14). 'Tracking the Crackers—A Look at Software Piracy'. eWeek. ISSN1530-6283. Archived from the original on 2012-06-19.
- ^Witt, Stephen (2015-04-27). 'The Man Who Broke the Music Business - The dawn of online piracy'. The New Yorker.
NFO files were a way for Scene crews to brag about their scores, shout out important associates, and advertise to potential recruits.
- ^McCandless, David (April 1997). 'Warez Wars'. Wired.
NFO files do more than brag or supply installation instructions; they testify that the ware is a bona fide release, guaranteed to work. And this is more than just posturing; a group's reputation is paramount.
- ^'NFO files - Kodi'. kodi.wiki. Retrieved 2016-01-12.
- ^'NFO Viewer Plugin for Directory Opus'. www.pretentiousname.com. Retrieved 2016-01-12.
- ^ ab'NFO Viewer'. Archived from the original on 2017-03-26. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
NFO Viewer is a simple viewer for NFO files, which are 'ASCII' art in the CP437 codepage.
- ^'.NFO File Extension'.
Windows may unsuccessfully attempt to use the Microsoft Help program in order to open the file; instead open the file directly with a text editor.
External links[edit]
Convert Pdf To Plain Text Online
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=.nfo&oldid=914723899'